Diagnosis Of Is The Autopsy Of Brain Tissue And Finding...

1.4. Diagnosis The only sure way to confirm diagnosis of AD is the autopsy of brain tissue and finding the characteristic gross pathological findings of the disease. But this procedure takes place after the death of the patient. However, diagnosis can be accomplished with high accuracy even when the patient is still alive with a variety of methods (Medline plus, 2010): ï‚ · Careful and detailed clinical examination by experienced and qualified neurologist. ï‚ · Neuropsychological testing, which is necessary for the examination of memory and other cognitive functions such as attention, learning and visuospatial skills. Also, are checked possible disruptions in the activities of daily living. The most common neuropsychological examination which is used is the examination MMSE ( Mini Mental State Examination) which examines with a simple and fast way the orientation, attention, the language and the ability to monitor and applying simple written and verbal instructions. Other examinations are the CDR ( Clinical Dementia Rate) and GDS (Global Deterioration Scale), which are used for the differential diagnosis of AD from other dementias. ï‚ · Blood tests: control of homocysteine, vitamin B12, thyroid function and the genes that mentioned above. ï‚ · Neuroimaging examinations: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which can visualize cerebral and cortical atrophy. 1.5. Prevention There are various research which show that some factors may reduce the risk of disease suchShow MoreRelatedSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesthe study of how living organisms p0erform the vital functions. Microscopic Anatomy – study of structures that can not be seen by the naked eye. Cytology – analyzes the internal structure of individual cells. Histology – the study of tissues Gross Anatomy – considers features visible with the unaided eye. Surface Anatomy – refers to the study of general form and superficial markings. Regional anatomy – considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific region of

Love in The Odyssey Essay - 988 Words

How does love govern a family? It governs husbands to return to their wives, to go on a journey to home. We have all been on a journey. A journey, however, does not usually include coming home. The Odyssey is Odysseus’s journey home to his family. Home is where the family is. While the relationship in a healthy family is communication, there are some instances in the Odyssey where there is an unhealthy relationship. In the Odyssey, are the families that are portrayed ‘rooted and grounded in love?† The loving relationship of family had valuable impact on Odysseus, that he made the journey home, while other families became scattered. Odysseus loves his family and desires to return despite his act with the nymph Calypso and Circe. At the†¦show more content†¦Athena also spoke of father and sons as. â€Å"Few sons are like their fathers: most are worse, a few excel their parents.† As shown the role of fatherhood is significant, just as the quest of the son is to learn from his father The son of the Odysseus, though he has never seen his father, valiantly defends and believes that he is not dead. He also tries to step into his father’s shoes. He is inexperienced, nonetheless. Yet, this is soon resolved though interactions with Athena and his journey to Pylos and Sparta. Telemachos does not have just hope that his father is alive, but sound faith. We as Christians in the same manner, have faith that our Heavenly Father will come someday to take us home to eternal felicity, our eternal family. In addition, In the Odyssey, we see how the family regards growing up. As head man of his father’s estate Telemachos regards his mother with courtesy and respect. He does, however, rebuke her at times. When she comes down from her bedchamber moved by a barb’s song to tears, Telemachos reprimands her, saying if she did not wish to hear the song, she should go to her own quarters. Thus, Telemachos assets growing into adulthood by the way he interacts with his mother, taking control of the relationship. In the sameShow MoreRelatedThe Love Of Tristan And The Odyssey804 Words   |  4 PagesFrom France 9 August 2014 The Love of Tristan and Iseat Everyone has felt this emotion at one point in his or her life. It is love. This emotion comes in different degrees of affection, ranging from simply loving a pet to loving a husband or wife. Most commonly novels and epics tell tales of the most powerful types of love. In stories such as Romeo and Juliet, Cleopatra, Adam and Eve, and the Odyssey, tales of great eternal love are told. One of the greatest love stories that go unheard of is theRead MoreThe Types of Love Experiences in Homer’s The Odyssey1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Paradox Called Love Love is a supernatural force that unites two beings, whether they are the two most unlikely candidates or childhood friends, and it inspires hope in all. Homer’s The Odyssey is the tale of the epic hero Odysseus on his quest back from the Trojan War, and all the hardships he faces as a result of his decisions. Throughout the course of the book, love plays a large role, and is his fuel to return to Ithaka, his home. There are three types of love are presented in the epic;Read MoreSimilarities and Differences in the Aeneid and the Odyssey.1418 Words   |  6 PagesBoth the Odyssey and the Aeneid describe the journeys of the two Greek heroes –Odysseus and Aeneas, as they struggle towards their goal through the crises and deadly situations caused by the wrath of the gods upon them. In the Odyssey, we see that Poseidon (god of the sea/earth shaker) has a grudge against Odysseus while Athena, god of wisdom, aids him throughout his journey. Similarly in the Aeneid, we see th at goddess Juno dislikes Aeneas as he is destined to destroy the city of Carthage lovedRead MoreBig Fish, By Tim Burton Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages a basis for morality, and teaches people the way to live. The Odyssey is a famous Greek myth with great mythological significance and is one of the best epic poems, not only in Greek but in the world of literature. The Odyssey’s story, as well as its significant values and morals presented, has inspired many others to create different versions of the epic. The one version that seems to be a great modern interpretation of The Odyssey is the movie Big Fish, directed by Tim Burton. The movie Big FishRead MoreSexual Fantasy Within The Odyssey1603 Words   |  7 PagesCassidy Bulger Professor Isser Montserrat September 22, 2015 Sexual Fantasy Within The Odyssey In the Odyssey, by Homer, Homer suggests that women can be seductive traps that prevent or delay men from reaching their goals. The women that Odysseus encounters on his journey home in The Odyssey all represent a different sexual fantasy figure in the eyes of a male, and serve as a distraction that he must work around. Although the three women that Odysseus encounters on his travels are desirable to himRead MoreDifferences and Similarities in The Odyssey and Inferno When going through the stories The Odyssey600 Words   |  3 PagesDifferences and Similarities in The Odyssey and Inferno When going through the stories The Odyssey by Homer and Inferno by Dante, you get the feeling of how diverse, yet similar the two stories are. When reading The Odyssey, you find Ulysses trying to get home to his love, Penelope. He has been gone for twenty years, and through those years, he has struggled with good and evil, just like Dante in Inferno. Ulysses finds himself time after time fighting off gods and their children. Dante, strugglingRead MoreMemory vs Forgetting in the Odyssey Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many themes of forgetting and remembering in the Odyssey of Homer. When you have a great love for someone or something it shall never be forgotten. Both Penelope and Odysseus show the importance of memory throughout The Odyssey of homer over and over again. The theme of memory and forgetting does not show only love between Penelope and Odysseus but also an important principle in the upkeep of the correct social interactions. Penelope tells the singer Phemios that she does not want toRead MoreThe Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D.683 Words   |  3 Pagessubservient in later works. This is portrayed in the works The Odyssey by Homer and Sakuntala by Kalidasa. Women are treated more like slaves in Sakuntala, while they are seen more like equals in The Odyssey. However, in Sakuntala, women are given more responsibilities, suggesting that people of the time viewed women capable of doing more things and perhaps more intelligent, instead of being seen as ornamental, as in The Odyssey. The Odyssey was written in a time when men played the dominant role. Read MoreHot or Not?: My Favorite Readings from Class637 Words   |  3 Pageswe haven’t had many readings this semester my favorite ones would have to be The Odyssey, The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. First, The Odyssey was one of my favorite readings because it was more a story that I could follow instead of a bunch of stories like Hamilton. I really, really hated my life when we had to read Hamilton. Literally hated my life. But, when we were reading The Odyssey it wasnt’t bad at all. I could actually follow the story and was surprisinglyRead MoreComparing The Movie, O Brother Where Art Thou? And The Epic Greek Poem, The Odyssey,1284 Words   |  6 PagesGreat pieces of artwork sometimes reflect ideologies of other works in a unique manner. For this reason, this paper looks at the similarities that are apparent in the Coen brothers’ film, O Brother Where Art Thou? and the epic Greek poem, The Odyssey, by Homer. In particular, special reference is given to the protagonists Ulysses in the movie and Odysseus in the poem. Without doubt, one is forced to associate the concept of the movie made in 2000 to that of the great epic poem, which is a work written

Summary of Lorraine Hansberry´s A Raisin in the Sun

â€Å"A Dreamed Deferred† The drama â€Å"A Raisin in the sun† was release February 25, 2008; written by Lorraine Hansberry as a play and directed by Kenny Leon as a movie. The film main character are Walter Younger Jr (Sean Combs) anaa Lathan (Beneatha Younger), Audra Mcdonald (Ruth Younger), Phylicia Rashad (lena Younger), Justin Martin (Travis Younger) Bill Nunn (bobo), David Oyelowo (Josepj Asagai), Ron Jones (willy harris), Sean Patrick Thomas (George Murchison), and John Stamos (carl Linder). As a dreamer and goal persistent individuals as myself; Walter Younger Jr and his family find themselves struggling with their dreams to make them a reality. As a movie based in the 1950’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† shows the life of an average family that struggle with poverty, racism and more. Even while going through hardship, and struggle remembering to focus on your dreams to succeed success. The film â€Å"A Raisin in the sun† was based in the 1950s. A Chicago family longing for a better life. Lena Younger (Rashad) is about to receive a $10,000 check from her late-husbands insurance company. Everyone in the family dreams about the ways their lives will be changed with the arrival of the money, family matriarch Lena - who longs to retire from her job as a domestic servant for a wealthy white family - in particular. Having lived in a one room tenement apartment ever since she and her late husband originally married, Lena is eager to purchase a house of her own and provide her family with aShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And How They Were Portrayed By Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1194 Words   |  5 Pageswritten by Lorraine Hansberry A Raisin In the Sun because throughout the entire movie there was many things said and some actions that showed gender defined who they were. The topic being discussed is gender roles and how they were portrayed in the movie. There will be a formalistic summary and the topic that will be discussed is gender roles through out the drama A Raisin In the Sun and how each character portrayed it. The setting of A Raisin In the Sun is the Chicago slums in the 1950’s. The pointRead MoreThe American Dream By Lorraine Hansberry1570 Words   |  7 Pagesabout it their whole lives? Many families struggle to even get close to the American Dream. In Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, the Younger family struggled for money, despite having numerous jobs, and a descendant living space. Being African American in the 1950’s made it difficult for the family to move up in class to achieve the American Dream. In â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry, the Younger’s cannot fully achieve the American Dream due to societal obstacles they experienceRead MoreThe Pursuit of a Dream in A Raisin in the Sun, The Achievement of Desire and Fences1340 Words   |  6 Pagespursuit that goal is the one who will succeed. However, there are dreamers who have misconceptions about the art of dreaming. In three pieces of literature I have en countered: â€Å"The Achievement of Desire† by Richard Rodriguez, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson, its characters fight for their dreams regardless obstacles in their life. Nevertheless, when many people aim on achieving their goals, they expose their sense of self-absorbance. Dreaming and aspirationRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagespaper topic: The training a meteorologist needs Evaluative paper topic: A contrast of the training a meteorologist needed in l940 to what he/she needs in 2000 Informational paper topic: Benjamin Franklin s political life Evaluative paper topic: The effect of Benjamin Franklin s writing style upon his career 3. Working Bibliography The first step in researching a topic is to compile a working bibliography of potential sources of information, both primary and secondary. The subject

The Second Anxiety Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay - 1594 Words

The third anxiety disorder, anxiety neurosis, is often linked with panic disorder or phobias. Sometimes, a person’s reaction to stress can be so severe that they are incapacitated or immobilized by the anxiety. This is called anxiety neurosis. Anyone affected by this is unable to distinguish between threatening and nonthreatening situations, and thus responds irrationally and in extreme ways, or are completely debilitated (â€Å"Anxiety† par. 53). Other disorders linked with stress and anxiety include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), dissociative disorder, panic disorder, and depression (Evans 192). Depression is a significant problem for teenagers with any type of anxiety disorder. A fourth of all people will struggle with anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder at some point in their life, but 70% of the time, a teenager with anxiety will also have depression (Amen 97). Even for people who are not diagnosed with any type of mental disorder, â€Å"31 percent of teens report feeling overwhelmed as a result of stress, 30 percent say that they feel sad or depressed as a result of stress, and 36 percent report feeling tired or fatigued because of stress† (Gregoire par. 6). Excluding mental disorders, stress can cause behavioral problems in general. Teens often react to stress through anger, disillusionment, distrust, low self-esteem, stomachaches, headaches, panic attacks, or rebellion (Romito par. 3). Other signs of stress include aggression, cooperation, tantrums, and withdrawalShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, also known as OCD, is a disorder that affects about two to three percent of the population (UOCD). Knowing what OCD is and who it affects is just step one in understanding the psychology of this disorder. The psychological symptoms of OCD can be quite varied which can make it difficult to diagnose. Understanding the therapy techniques and how people with OCD live their daily lives is one of the most vital part in the psychology of OCD. While theRead MoreEssay on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder1389 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, commonly known as OCD, is a type of anxiety disorder and was one of the three original neuroses as defined by Freud. It is characterized by recurrent, persistent, unwanted, and unpleasant thoughts (obsessions) or repetitive, purposeful ritualistic behaviors that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). (1) The prime feature that differentiates OCD from other obsessive or compulsive disorders is that the sufferer understandsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1601 Words   |  7 PagesObsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Brief Overview Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by constant intrusive thoughts (obsessions) that normally cause anxiety or distress which can only be alleviated by performing repetitive actions (compulsions) (Rahimi, Haghighi, and Shamsaei, 2015). Nearly everyone has experienced something similar to these obsessions and compulsions at some point in their life but this experience can only be labeled as OCD when it occursRead MoreThe Severity Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesCompulsive Disorder (OCD) is sometimes overlooked. With so many people responding to their own quirks, â€Å"it’s my OCD,† or â€Å"I’m so OCD,† it is hard to grasp the actual concept of the illness. Rather than a false self-diagnosis, if a person believes he or she is suffering from this disorder, he or she should seek out medical attention to receive a proper diagnosis. On top of this, it is beneficial to b ecome educated to get a further understanding of this condition. OCD is a disorder that can beRead MoreHaving Intrusive Thoughts That You Just Seem To Not Be1685 Words   |  7 Pagesabnormal. This does not necessarily mean you have OCD, the disorder OCD is often overused and unnecessary unless diagnosed by a licensed professional. The turning point from normal to abnormal is when these thoughts cause distress and disruptive in that person’s life. There are many different ways OCD can manifest and OCD can be very difficult to deal with, but luckily there are various options for treatment. Clinically, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is when unwanted thoughts, images, or urgesRead MoreImplications Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder1301 Words   |  6 PagesImplications of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Learning and Memory Elsa Mahle The Lawrenceville SchoolImplications of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Learning and Memory Obsessive-compulsive disorder, as defined by Psychology Today, is â€Å"an anxiety disorder in which people have undated and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behavior that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).† OCD has implications on everyday life for people struggling with the diseaseRead More The Diagnosis and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder1281 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive-Compulsive Disorder There are many factors to consider in the evaluation and treatment of Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This paper will discuss the strategies that have proven most effective in treating the disorder, including: drug therapy, cognitive therapy, and family-based therapy. It will focus on the benefits of flexibility, emphasizing combination therapy, especially with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has become an increasinglyRead More As Good As It Gets?: An Examination Of The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatment Of Obsessive-Compulsive1283 Words   |  6 PagesOf The Mechanism And Mode Of Treatment Of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder, often referred to as simply OCD, is a mental illness in which an individual experiences endless cycles of repeated thoughts and rituals, known as obsessions and compulsions, which she feels she cannot control (1). Although many people possess habits and routines that help them organize their every day schedules, people with OCD form patterns of behavior that are extremely time-consuming andRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1224 Words   |  5 Pagesthorough understanding of the effects Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, otherwise known as OCD, has on an individual. The paper will explain and interpret the link between obsession and compulsion that is characteristic of being diagnosed with OCD. In addition, this paper will describe the impact having this disorder can have on an individual in their day to day lives. This paper will clearly articulate exactly what the definition of having OCD is and how often it is self-diagnosed in error. In addi tionRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1679 Words   |  7 Pagesnot abnormal. Many people believe they have obsessive-compulsive disorder because of symptoms they may share with the disorder. But more and more often, this disorder is being overused and misdiagnosed unnecessarily. The turning point that changes from normal to abnormal is when these thoughts cause distress and disruption in that person’s life for a substantial period of time. Obsessive- compulsive disorder is a very common disorder that manifests in many different ways and it can be very burdensome

Customers To Take Such Statements As True â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Customers To Take Such Statements As True? Answer: Inroduation No, OFFICE PRO X9 is an amazing chair, and the best on the market was not a term of this contract. Not all statements of negotiation are deemed to be contractual terms. Some could be a traders puff which is mere boast, often meant to advertise a product and the law does not expect the customers to take such statements as true.[1] The other one is a representation. These are pre-contractual statements which could convert into a term depending on the actions of the client.[2] If a representation turns out to be untrue, and that statement changed the position of the customer, that representation would result in a term hence remedies would be awarded if the untrue statement caused harm to the client. Terms are actual statements that go to the root of the contract. Failure to comply with terms results to a breach. In distinguishing these statements, the court employs four factors. One of them is the importance of such statement to the contracting parties.[3] Where the statement acts as important to the decision of either of the parties, that statement becomes a contractual term. A case of this is the situation of Ecay v Godfrey [1947].[4] The claimant purchased a boat from the defendant. The claimant assured that the boat was fine though he recommended an examination. Later the review discovered that the boat had some faults. The court ruled that the defendant statement was a representation and the claimant was supposed to rely on examinations. The next distinguishing factor is the time duration between the pre-contractual statement and the contract. Long interval means the statement was representation while short interval means the statement was a term. A case if this scenario is Routledge v Mckay.[5] On 23rd October, the defendant told the claimant that the bike was a 1942 model when it was a 1942 model. They signed an agreement on 30th which didnt refer the motorbike date. The court ruled that the 1942 model statement was a pre-contractual statement, but not a term. The of the parole evidence rule. In this rule, parties cannot alter a written contract with oral statements.[6] So where there is a documentation of an oral statement, that statement becomes a contractual term. The last one is the parties expertise. When one party that has specialist skills makes the statement, and the other party relies on that statement, then the court is more likely to take that as a contractual term.[7] Following these explanations, OFFICE PRO X9 is an amazing chair and/or the best on the market fits to be a sales puff or a traders exaggerated opinion. Question 2: Yes, it was a term that the OFFICE PRO X9 provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work the whole day comfortably. As explained in question one, anything said by the contracting party which has special knowledge is probably a term.[8] The main reason is that the customer will be using that partys statement to decide on whether to buy the item or to leave it. Notably, this statement can happen in two ways. One is a direct statement from the dealer. The other one is a response to the question asked by the customer with the intention of seeking clarification or making the dealer understand what the customer wants. This facts in this case are similar to the case of Dick Bentley Productions v. Harold Smith Motors [1965][9]. In this case, a customer (Claimant) asked the dealer (Defendant) to bring a 'stable Bentley car'. The dealer brought a car claiming that it had done low mileage since the replacement of the engine and gearbox. However, this turned out to be untrue. The court found that the statement of the mileage was a term. The fact is when the customer asks the dealer to provide something with particular features, it then shows that the customer is relying on the dealers expertise. That is why the statement provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work the whole day comfortably would also be a term. In an analysis, the OFFICE PRO X9 provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work the whole day comfortably is an express term, and in the category of pre-contractual statement. Contractual terms are fundamentally the wordings that form the provision parts of the contract. Each contractual term brings about to a contractual obligation which failure to fulfil results to a breach. In most cases, contracts may not state all the terms expressly. The main reason is that some terms do not hold much legal gravity since they are outside the main objectives of a contract. There are two essential classifications of contractual terms. These are implied and express terms.[10] Implied terms are those that none of the parties mention them either orally or in writing, but the law deems it that such terms exist to give a commercial contract a sense.[11] The main classifications in implied terms are those implied by the court or those implied by statute. Express terms are those terms which the parties agree to follow either orally or in writing. These terms may be pre-contractual statements.[12] These are statements that fall into different categories depending on their effects on the outcome of the contract. Another type of express term is the terms on display.[13] An example of these is instruction in a ticket produced by a ticket machine. Also, express terms can be incorporated terms resulting from a course of dealing. Express terms may also arise from a signed document, and lastly, express terms may result from the application of the parol evidence rule o r where there is admissibility of extrinsic evidence.[14] With all these facts, it is then possible to see that the the OFFICE PRO X9 provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work the whole day comfortably would be classified as express term, and it would fall in the group of pre-contractual statements. No, the exclusion clause, clause 10, will not prevent Peter from suing Forever Furniture for breach of contract. Exclusion clauses are one way in which contracting parties try to avoid the liabilities of the breach of a contract. Most companies unfairly enjoyed the power of this clause until 1977 when there was an enactment of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.[15] This act was meant to regulate the extent to which parties to a contract can rely on the exclusion clauses. In UCTA, the act provides that a party relying on the exclusion clause has the burden of demonstrating that the clause was in facts reasonable.[16] For one, the party relying on the clause must demonstrate that the clause is fair, and it is reasonable. Secondly, the party relying on the clause must take into account all the circumstances of that clause and such circumstances should come to the knowledge of the other party.[17] The failure to meet these conditions would render the clause invalid. Thirdly, the clause should include the losses that the other party would be claiming. Failure to include them would render the clause invalid. An example of the application of this law was in St Albans City and DC v International Computers Ltd [1996][18]. In this case, in this case, the defendant was to supply computer software to the defendant through their contract. The software was erroneous, and it caused a loss of 1.3 million to the claimant. The defendant company relied on a limitation clause that limited the liability to 100,000. However, the court found the limitation clause unreasonable. Similarly, the limitation clause for Forever Furniture for would not succeed as it would be unfair to waive the liabilities caused by their misrepresentation. References Hunter, Richard J., "Compensation For Bystander Injuries In Strict Products Liability" (2016) 3(10) Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal https://10.14738/assrj.310.2239. "Contractual Interpretation In Indian Evidence Act Jurisdictions: Compatibility With Modern Contextual Approach?" (2013) 13(1) Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal https://dx.doi.org/10.5235/14729342.13.1.17 Castles, Margaret, "Expanding Justice Access In Australia" (2016) 41(2) Alternative Law Journal https://10.1177/1037969X1604100210 P Hough, Tracey and Kathrin Ku?hnel-Fitchen, Optimize Contract Law (Taylor Francis, 2016) Poole, Jill, Casebook On Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 12th ed, 2014) Stone, Richard, Text, Cases And Materials On Contract Law (Routledge, 2nd ed, 2014) Austen-Baker, Richard, Implied Terms In English Contract Law (Edward Elgar Pub., 2nd ed, 2017) Klass, Gregory, Contract Law In The USA (Kluwer Law International, 2nd ed, 2010) Lawson, R. G, Exclusion Clauses And Unfair Contract Terms (Sweet Maxwell, 10th ed, 2011) Routledge v Mckay [1954] 1 WLR 615 Court of Appeal Ecay v Godfrey [1947] 80 Lloyds Rep 286 Dick Bentley Productions v. Harold Smith Motors [1965] 1 WLR 623 St Albans City and DC v International Computers Ltd [1996] EWCA Civ 1296 [1] Richard J. Hunter, "Compensation For Bystander Injuries In Strict Products Liability" (2016) 3(10) Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal https://10.14738/assrj.310.2239.. [2] Tracey Hough and Kathrin Ku?hnel-Fitchen, Optimize Contract Law (Taylor Francis, 2016). [3] Jill Poole, Casebook On Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 12th ed, 2014). [4] Ecay v Godfrey [1947] 80 Lloyds Rep 286 [5] 1 WLR 615 Court of Appeal

Tax Havens And Global Poverty

Question: Describe about the Tax Havens And Global Poverty? Answer: A notable threat that is connected with the political and economic systems states that it is highly hazardous when the economic resources are concentrated in the hands of minimal people. (Dharmapala, n.d.) (Palan, R., Murphy, R. and Chavagneux, C. (2010)) Tax obligations are avoided by most of the citizens who reside in the wealthiest nations which is calculated to be an enormous amount when compared to foreign aid and grants. (Cox, n.d.)The calculation of around $21-32 trillion is unrecorded and allocated offshore. The Tax Justice Network stated that if these financial assets were reported to the corresponding officials of the Tax Department then the seized amount will generate revenue of $280 billion annually. When properly accounted it was found out it was double the amount that the OECD Countries engage in expenditure on all sorts of development assistance. (Tax Justice Network, 2015) Some of the wealthiest companies like Google and Apple, acquire a large proportion in the economic pie and in spite of such contribution and superior position, they repeatedly get involve in capital brawls to tax havens. (Jalan and Vaidyanathan, n.d.)The government, on the other hand, toil with the diminishing revenue and these affluent companies remain busy in the capital conflict. The impact of the tax havens is in the working class and people of middle income groups. The burden of tax gets transferred to them. The tax evasion by the richest and wealthiest individuals deprives the middle class of the public services as government cannot generate enough revenue from taxation and thus they cannot spend on the improvement and development of the public goods and services. (Meyers, D. (n.d.)) The effect of the tax havens is unfavorable for the society and augments the global poverty situation. The reason behind the fact that most of developing economies get trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty lies in the extreme use of tax havens in these nations. (Gaisbauer, H., Schweiger, G. and Sedmak, C. (2015)) A report based on Christian Aid states that they have identified some of the practices that led to tax avoidance. These are transfer pricing, intra company loans and companies try to maintain extreme secrecy by using certain legislative measures. These practices exhaust the revenue worth $160 billion per year. It is believed by the Christian Aid that this amount if acquired had the ability to redeem the lives of around 350,000 children annually. (Longley, 2015) Thus, the notion that tax havens create global poverty is supported by me. References: Cox, N. (n.d.). Tax and Regulatory Avoidance Through Non-traditional Alternatives to Tax Havens.SSRN Journal. Jalan, A. and Vaidyanathan, R. (n.d.). Tax Havens: Conduits for Corporate Tax Malfeasance.SSRN Journal. Dharmapala, D. (n.d.). What Problems and Opportunities are Created by Tax Havens?.SSRN Journal. Longley, K. (2015).Tax havens exacerbating global poverty. [online] Melissaparke.com.au. Available at: https://www.melissaparke.com.au/speeches/616-tax-havens-exacerbating-global-poverty.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. Tax Justice Network, (2015).Inequality Tax Havens - Tax Justice Network. [online] Available at: https://www.taxjustice.net/topics/inequality-democracy/inequality-tax-havens/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. Gaisbauer, H., Schweiger, G. and Sedmak, C. (2015).Philosophical Explorations of Justice and Taxation. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Meyers, D. (n.d.).Poverty, agency, and human rights. Palan, R., Murphy, R. and Chavagneux, C. (2010).Tax havens. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. BIBLIOGRAPHY Azzara, T. and Azzara, T. (2003).Tax havens of the world. Nassau, Bahamas (P.O. Box CB 11552): New Providence Press. Dharmapala, D. (n.d.). What Problems and Opportunities are Created by Tax Havens?.SSRN Journal. Murray, R. (2012).Tax avoidance. London: Sweet Maxwell.

Oedipus Rex By Sophocles Essay Example For Students

Oedipus Rex By Sophocles Essay Where Lies the Blame? In Sophoclese play Oedipus The King, the fate ofOedipus, the main character, was foretold at his birth that he would kill hisown father and marry his mother. As a young adult, he went to see an oracleafter hearing rumors. The oracle told him of his foul fate and he ran awaytrying to escape the chances of this awful future unaware he running towardswhat he thought he would escape. Oedipus was partially responsible for hisdownfall because let curiosity lead him to the oracle where he found out hishorrifying fate, he killed his own father when he should have avoided killinganyone, and if he wanted to avoid marrying his mother, he should have nevermarried anyone older than he. After the birth of Oedipus, his parents Lias andJocasta, King and Queen of Thebes sentenced him to death because the oracle toldthem that he would kill his father and marry his mother. They were unaware ofthe fact that did not die, but was adopted by the king and queen of Corinth. Oedipus was never informed that he was abandoned at a young age, found by ashepherd and adopted. One day while attending a dinner, a drunken man accusedhim of being a bastard. And I went at last to Pytho, though my parents didnot know. But Phoebus sent me home again unhonoured in what I came to learn, buthe foretold other and desperate horrors befall me, that I was fated to lie withmy mother, and show to daylight an accursed breed which men would not endure,and I was doomed to be the murderer of the father that begot me.(1735,860-868) In utter fear of his newfound knowledge, he fled from Corinth to makesure to none of what the oracle said would come true. On his travel, he tooklittle precaution in the field ensure falsifying the oracles prediction. Demanding to know all details about King Lias death he was described the sitewhere three crossroads met. Upon being told this information, Oedipus recalledthe time when had just fled Corinth and came to a spot similar to the onedescribed. Being so distraught with fear and so overwhelmed with emotions, histhinking and reasoning was clearly impaired. I was encountered by a heraldand a carriage with a man in itHe led the way and the old man himself wantedto thrust me out of the way by force.(1735, 878-882) The old man then struckOedipus on the head with a two-point goad. His impaired thinking angered him somuch, he attacked and killed everyone in the band of travelers, except for onesurvivor who managed to get away. If Oedipus was dead set on not letting thisprediction come true, he would have avoided any sort of conflict with any man. It was a very stupid, impulsive move on his part because he let his confidenceoverride the fact that the gods had planned his life. What Oedipus was unawareof, was the fact that one of the predictions had already come true. He hadkilled a total stranger not thinking twice about the prediction. Now having onlyone prediction to contend with, he still did not take any precaution intoavoiding the prediction. After coming to Thebes and answering the Sphinxsriddles, he was granted kingship. Since King Lias had just been murdered andQueen Jocasta was widowed, Oedipus married her unaware of his terrible mistake. Not thinking twice about the prediction after he ran away from Corinth, he led ahappy life and had four children with his mother. Again, Oedipus did nothing toprotect himself against the awful prediction believing he had already falsifiedthe gods prediction. When the townspeople came to Oedipus for help to get rid ofthe unknown plague sweeping through the city, he sought the help of his wife andmany others to help find the murderer of King Lias. All the information that wasgathered, he pieced together and finally made the realization he had been livingin a false reality that he had dodged the prediction entirely. From thebeginning he was dead-set on dodging his fate, yet his ignorance got in the wayof reasoning. He did not think twice that he was dealing with the gods. Heshould have just lived with the fact that the prediction would come true andmake the best of it. He could have turned the

Wild Land Fires free essay sample

A discussion of the mechanisms for coping with wild land fires in the U.S. This paper presents a detailed examination of wild land fires. Means of managing the fires, including controlled burns, the use of technology for pattern prediction and the development of protective gear are outlined. Americans have spent the last few months watching wild land fires burn out of control in several states. Arizona, California and Colorado have all been ravaged with devastating and extremely expensive fires that went out of control and destroyed homes, property and wildlife. While firefighters from across the nation rushed to aid the local firefighters in those areas, the public watched the coverage unfold on television news channels. Wild land fires can be devastating for many reasons. They not only cause financial devastation and property destruction but they interfere with the ecological process by destroying wildlife and plant life. This paper attempts to explore wild land fires and the steps that are being taken to lessen their damaging impact by getting them contained more quickly. We will write a custom essay sample on Wild Land Fires or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Poetry In Humans Essays - Run, 9, Szd Speech,

Poetry In Humans I plan to play a lot of basketball this summer. We will probably end up going to nationals in Orlando, which would be a lot of fun. I will lift a lot of weights to get stronger also. Other than playing basketball, I will be going to Oregon and visiting friends and family. I should spend about 3 weeks there. I will obviously work on my tan. I plan to work on learning the bass guitar. That should be a lot of fun, because I have a lot of musical talent that I haven't had the time to use. I think that peer-pressure for me right now isn't bad at all. I am not being pushed into drugs heavily, or anything else that is illegal. The pressure to perform well in basketball is high right now. I am not liking that, I feel that I will probably take a break from playing ball relatively soon. Because of my peer-pressure in basketball, I have not had much time to do school work. It get frustrating when your teachers get mad at you for not doing your work, when it really isn't your fault. I think I have put lots of work into my school year. I will stay up all night sometimes to do projects, like I am doing right now. Considering I have basketball, school, chores, weights, and friends to deal with, I think that I am doing alright. Some teachers just are never satisfied though. I am excelling well in all of those categories. Next year I will do a lot better in school though. I need to come out of high school with about a 3.4 GPA. I don't necessarily have a dream car. There are many cars that interest me, but none that out-weight the rest. I am sufficient at time management skills. I definitely could improve in that area, but for all the things that I have to do in one day, I think that I do a plenty good job. As I said 2 paragraphs ago, I will be spending more time on school next year, which means that something will have to give a little. I believe that something will be basketball. I don't think there should be but one rule in the dress code. I think that the only rule should be that you can't come to school naked. Telling kids what they can and cannot wear because it is ?revealing' is stupid. The reason that the code is even put there, is because of all the horny guys in this school of ours. So the stupid principal forces a dress code on the student population, which is mainly put in for the girls. If men are so big on respecting girls, then why do they dictate what the girl can and cannot wear. I would like to see change in this rule soon. I think that having a pager or cell phone is perfectly fine. As long as the pager or phone isn't on in class, it should be fine to have on campus. There is no danger. The paranoid geezers of this school are worried about drug deals if you have either of these. Well that is none of their business of who does drugs and who doesn't. Leave it to the cops to take care of things like that. I think that it is just a big power struggle, and the adults don't want to compromise because they think that we are ?lower' than them. I think that this is a form of prejudice and it should be stopped. I don't think there should be a ?legal' age for when you can get a job. If the person has the skills required, then they should be able to get the job. Telling a person when they can begin earning money in my opinion is wrong. I think it violates some kind of law. Considering all of the geezer adults in the country are all anal about law and stuff, they should pay attention to this one more carefully. Schools should definitely have more classes that students are interested in. Teens wont pay attention in class if it isn't interesting to hear. I think that if they just made the curriculum more interesting, then there would be better grades. If they had a whole new class that students wanted to take, then that would be even better, because there would be student activity in the class. Again it relates

Free Essays on Black Panthers

"We will not fightand kill other people of color in the world who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist goverment of america." Huey P. Newton If you haven't already guessed it my essay is on a Civil Right's leader who's legacy has alternately been neglected, distorted, and discounted. For example in my research I found in one wide ranging account of the "African American freedom strugle" by historian Robert Weisbrot, that only one page out of 317 was devoted to the activities of the Black Panther Party. Another account would be in this class, where there was only a passing refrence to the presence of the party, that was established in our college. The most important person to have made a significant change in the rights of Blacks was Huey P. Newton. He had great courage and passion to defeat injustices and racism that existed in the United States towards blacks and other minority groups, and it was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief in arming themselves for self-defense that helped lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement. Huey P. Newton was born on Febuary 17, 1941 in Louisiana, the youngest of seven children. When Huey Newton was three, his family moved to Oakland. Where Walter Newton, a handyman and longshoreman, found work. The Newton's were part of the surge of 50,000 black migrants who headed to the West Coast to work in the shipyards and other war industries in the area. During World War II. After the war, however, many blacks and women were forced to give up their jobs to returning white soldiers. The black population of the area rose again as black GIs came back from the war fronts and brought their families. Black unemployment soared, as did antiblack sentiment. Although segregation was supposedly illegal, black residents of Oakland found themselves restricted to the neighborhoods around the East Bay. And... Free Essays on Black Panthers Free Essays on Black Panthers "We will not fightand kill other people of color in the world who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist goverment of america." Huey P. Newton If you haven't already guessed it my essay is on a Civil Right's leader who's legacy has alternately been neglected, distorted, and discounted. For example in my research I found in one wide ranging account of the "African American freedom strugle" by historian Robert Weisbrot, that only one page out of 317 was devoted to the activities of the Black Panther Party. Another account would be in this class, where there was only a passing refrence to the presence of the party, that was established in our college. The most important person to have made a significant change in the rights of Blacks was Huey P. Newton. He had great courage and passion to defeat injustices and racism that existed in the United States towards blacks and other minority groups, and it was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief in arming themselves for self-defense that helped lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement. Huey P. Newton was born on Febuary 17, 1941 in Louisiana, the youngest of seven children. When Huey Newton was three, his family moved to Oakland. Where Walter Newton, a handyman and longshoreman, found work. The Newton's were part of the surge of 50,000 black migrants who headed to the West Coast to work in the shipyards and other war industries in the area. During World War II. After the war, however, many blacks and women were forced to give up their jobs to returning white soldiers. The black population of the area rose again as black GIs came back from the war fronts and brought their families. Black unemployment soared, as did antiblack sentiment. Although segregation was supposedly illegal, black residents of Oakland found themselves restricted to the neighborhoods around the East Bay. And...

Short Love Quotes from Movies

Short Love Quotes from Movies Look into your lovers eyes. Whisper one of these famous movie love quotes. Cupid has to strike! These famous movie love quotes are a favorite with many couples. If you are looking for the most seductive love quote, you will find it here. Love quotes of this intensity are hard to find. Casablanca Kiss me. Kiss me as if it were the last time. City of Angels I would rather have had one breath of her hair, one kiss from her mouth, one touch of her hand, than eternity without it. One. Crimes and Misdemeanors My husband and I fell in love at first sight... maybe I should have taken a second look. Fried Green Tomatoes A heart can be broken, but it keeps beating just the same. Four Weddings and a Funeral I always just hoped that, that Id meet some nice friendly girl, like the look of her, hope the look of me didnt make her physically sick, then pop the question and... um... settle down and be happy. It worked for my parents. Well, apart from the divorce and all that! Love and Death To love is to suffer. To avoid suffering, one must not love; but then one suffers from not loving. Therefore, to love is to suffer, not to love is to suffer, to suffer is to suffer. To be happy is to love; to be happy then is to suffer, but suffering makes one unhappy; therefore to be unhappy one must love or love to suffer or suffer from too much happiness. I hope youre getting this down. When Harry Met Sally I love that you get cold when it is 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a half to order a sandwich. I love that you get a little crinkle in your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night. And its not because Im lonely, and its not because its New Years Eve. I came here tonight because when you realize you want to spend the rest of your life with somebody, you want the rest of your life to start as soon as possible. You cant express every feeling that you have every moment that you have them. Wizard of Oz Hearts will never be practical until they are made unbreakable... Without a heart, I can never really know what it would be like to love someone, or ever really understand trashy novels.

Rien - Idiomatic French Expressions

Rien - Idiomatic French Expressions The French pronoun rien usually means nothing, and is also used in many expressions. Learn how to say for no reason, not a chance, worthless, and more with this list of expressions with rien. Possible Meanings of Rien nothinganythinglove (tennis)nil, zero (sports) le rien - nothingnessun rien - a mere nothingdes riens - trivia Expressions with Rien (faire qqchose) comme un rien(to do something) with no trouble, like nothing at allun coup pour riena free gode rienyoure welcomedeux fois riennext to nothingjamais rien / As-tu jamais rien vu de plus bizarre  ?anything / Have you ever seen anything stranger?ne ___ en rien / Il ne ressemble en rien son pà ¨re.not at all, nothing like / He looks nothing like his father.ne... riennothing___ ne risque rien___ will be okay, nothing can happen to ___pour rienfor nothing, for a songpour un rienfor no reason, at the drop of a hatrien dà ©clarer ( la douane)nothing to declare (at customs)rien signalernothing to reportrien voirnothing to do withrien au mondenothing in the worldrien dautrenothing elseun rien dea splash, touch, hint of somethingrien de gravenothing seriousrien de moinsnothing lessrien de neufnothing newrien de plusnothing else, nothing morerien de plus facile(theres) nothing easier, nothing could be simplerrien de plus, rien de moinsnothing more or lessrien de rien (inf ormal)absolutely nothingrien de tel quenothing likerien du toutnothing at allrien partout (sports)nil all, love allrien queonlyrien que à §a (ironic)thats all, no lessrien qui vaillenothing useful, nothing worthwhile___ sinon rien___ or nothingtrois fois riennext to nothingcomprendre rien riento not have a cluenavoir rien voir avec/dansto have nothing to do withnavoir rien contre (quelquun)to have nothing against (someone)navoir rien de (quelquun)to having nothing in common with (someone)nà ªtre riento be a nobody/nothing, to be worthlessÇa ne compte pour rien dansThat has nothing to do withÇa ne fait rien.It doesnt matter, Never mind. Ça ne me dit rienI dont feel like itÇa ne risque pas !Not a chance!Ça ne vaut rienIts worthless, its no goodÇa ne veut dire rienThat doesnt mean a thingCela na rien voir avec...That has nothing to do with...Cela na rien dimpossible.That is perfectly possible.Cela ne rime rienThat makes no senseCe que tu fais ou rien !Dont bother!Cest à §a ou rienTake it or leave itCest mieux que rienIts better than nothingCest rien de le dire. (informal)Thats an understatement.Cest tout ou rien.Its all or nothing.Cest un(e) rien du toutHe (She) is a nobody, no goodCe nest pas rien.Its not nothing, Its no picnic.Ce nest rien.Its nothing, Never mind.Cà ©tait un coup pour rien.It was all for nothing.Il nen est rien.Its nothing like that, Thats not it at all.Il ny a rien faireTheres nothing we can do, Its hopelessJe nai rien dire surI have nothing to say about, I cant complain aboutJe ny peux rienTheres nothing I can do about it.Je ny suis pour rienIve got nothing to do with it. On na rien pour rienEverything has a price.Qui ne risque rien na rien (proverb)Nothing ventured, nothing gainedRien faire !Its no good!Rien ne dit que ...Theres nothing to say that ...Rien ne va plusNo more betsRien ny faitNothing is any goodTu nas rien dire !Youre in no position to comment! You cant complain!La và ©rità ©, rien que la và ©rità ©.The truth and nothing but the truth.Y a-t-il rien de plus ___ ?Is there anything more ____?

Musical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Musical Analysis - Essay Example 21). The means and methods used to identify the working of music vary from one analyst to another depending upon what purpose the analysis serves. Musical analysis has a history that dates back to 1750s, though it has also existed from the Middle Ages as a scholarly tool. A.B. Marx has been known for the formalization of concepts regarding music understanding and composition from the later half of the 19th century. While musical analysis is a way to identify how music works, it has been a subject of criticism since musical analysis has been thought to mutilate the musical work’s spirit through decomposition. It is said that â€Å"too much analysis kills the spirit of a performance† (Poore, 2005). My understanding of musical analysis is of a technique in which the working or a piece of music is judged on the basis of some well-defined scales or criteria. It comes with the presumption that a piece of music has to have a definite function and that it must conform to the se t principles in order to be considered valid or credible. This is where I personally side with the critics of musical analysis because in this age of innovation and creativity, development of music beyond these criteria and scales can be expected or that these criteria are also updated or modified to suit the tastes of the next generation. The end result of musical analysis is identification of a piece of music with a particular theme, genre, or style. I believe that music is a form of art and it has to be free of all constraints and boundaries in order to constantly evolve and provide the audience with something new and entertaining all the time. â€Å"Some authors regard analysis as ‘implicit in what the performer does’, however ‘intuitive and unsystematic’ it might be, while for others, performers must engage in rigorous and theoretically informed analysis of a work’s ‘parametric elements’ if its ‘aesthetic depth’ is to be plumbed† (Rink, 2002). Some musicians actually think like analysts and draw upon the parametric elements of their music while performing it while there are others for which, musical performance is a thing entirely disconnected from its analysis. Analysis is more of an academic process in which a piece of music is described in literary terms. I think that what appeals to the audience is not the extent to which a piece of music can be described or identified with a particular genre, but it is the emotions that it is capable of arising in the audience, the magic, power, and strength that it carries to send give the audience goosebumps. The power of a piece of music can be better understood from a first-hand experience of its performance rather than analysis. Analysis does not essentially capture the essence of performance, and that is why it is inferior to the experience of performance from the perspective of audience. â€Å"Analysis is generally implicit, since many musician s do not command the verbal or notational tools that would enable explicit results†¦.[Nevertheless] by applying a procedural knowledge to a stock of declarative knowledge of prototypical pieces and situations, a musician gains additional declarative knowledge, increasing his or her knowledge of repertoire† (Brinner, 1995, p. 148). I agree because while composing music, many musicians have factors beyond the notational or verbal tools in their mind like what would appease the audience and experimenting with new tones and melodies to entertain the audience. As a result of this, their music might gain a lot of appreciation from the audience but fail to comply with the standards established by the analysts. However, a musician who has a fair understanding of the analysts’ criteria is able to incorporate those elements in the music to enhance it, though

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Political science - Essay Example Foreign policy refers to considerations of government made so as to achieve simultaneously national and international objectives (Trubowitz 90). The world as it is today has become extremely globalized and interdependent. Decisions at one end of the world elicit consequences and reactions in another part of the world. Consequently, nations of the world are compelled to subject their national choice of policies to a test of its effects to the rest of the world through the foreign policy. The policies govern their relations and mode of operation with other nationalities. Foreign policy ensures determines the political relations between two nations and subsequently, their economic impact. Bureaucracy in its simplest form is a rigid administrative policy-making group that is often not elected. A bureaucracy has a fixed way of doing things and does not accommodate change with ease (Ginsberg et al. 48). Bureaucrats are rampant in all government agencies and are, in fact, the way the government executes its roles. The inherent inflexibility attracts criticism as it causes management inefficiency and time wastage. As a matter of fact, modern theories of management have focused a lot of attention on the ways to eliminate bureaucracies. For large organizations, however, it is not possible to maintain order and coordinated workflow without bureaucracy One of the greatest challenges of foreign policy, today is striking a balance between national objectives and international goals (Trubowitz 68). More often than not, these two objectives are in conflict, and the differences are quite irreconcilable. A decision to favor the citizens of one country is a decision to predispose the fate of individuals of another country to doom. But the f have to pursue the objectives that best suit the citizens of their country. A recent case in hand is the stalemate created between the governments of UK, Australia, and Kenya. The two European nations

Obstructive Jaundice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Obstructive Jaundice - Essay Example Here most of the bilirubin combines with glucuronide to form conjugated or direct bilirubin, then is absorbed in bile, and excreted in the feces. If a disorder prevents this process from completing itself, the yellow-colored bilirubin builds up in the system until it becomes remarkable in the mucous membranes and skin (What is Jaundice 2006). The discoloration usually is detected clinically once the serum bilirubin level rises above 3 mg per dL (51.3 mol per L) (Roche and Kabos, 2004). Jaundice in an adult patient can be due to a wide array of benign or deadly disorders. Organizing the differential diagnosis by prehepatic, intrahepatic, and posthepatic causes may help make the work-up more manageable. Prehepatic causes of jaundice include hemolysis and hematoma resorption, which lead to elevated levels of unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin. Intrahepatic disorders can result to unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The conjugated (direct) bilirubin level is often elevated by alcohol, infectious hepatitis, drug reactions, and autoimmune disorders. Posthepatic disorders also can cause conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (qtd. from Roche and Kobos, 2004). ... Hepatic jaundice causes range from acute viral hepatitis to liver disease caused alcoholism. Neonatal jaundice, common in newborns, is usually brief lasting only a week or so and is thought to be a result of the still-developing physiology. Though it is usually harmless and in most cases passes on its own, any infant displaying signs of jaundice should be seen by a pediatrician. (In newborns the liver sometimes requires a week or so to adjust and jaundice may be present during this time. Though this is not due to disease, it is still considered hepatic because liver function is at the root of the condition (What is Jaundice 2006). Post-hepatic (obstructive) jaundice, occurs when bile cannot discharge properly to the feces. Gallstones obstructing the bile duct, other ductal obstructions and certain cancers can cause post-hepatic jaundice marked by pale stools lacking the normal pigment contained in bile (What is Jaundice 2006). Obstructive jaundice Obstructive jaundice caused by obstruction of the bile ducts, as with gallstones. The liver normally produces about 1 litre of bile each day, which is secreted (passed) into the bile duct system and stored in the gallbladder. The bile duct empties into the upper intestine (duodenum) to help in digestion. Obstruction anywhere in this drainage system causes the blood levels of bilirubin to increase, resulting in "obstructive jaundice (What is obstructive Jaundice 2005)." Causes of obstructive jaundice Jaundice is not critical by itself however could indicate a more serious underlying conditions that should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible (What is Jaundice 2006). A thoroughly investigated is needed so that the underlying cause can be

Create an argument that explains your point of view Essay

Create an argument that explains your point of view - Essay Example Rolling Stone tries to evaluate his past life and finding reasons why he engaged in the bombing. What factors in his life motivated his actions. It however, is debatable on the question as to whether they are awarding him a celebrity status considering how they went about it. Putting him on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine which is on â€Å"normal† cases braced by celebrities and rap stars, is in a way giving him a celebrity status. The average American citizen or even anywhere else in the world takes what he or she is fed by the media seriously. In a large sense the sets the agenda for the public. They determine, to a big extent, which models will be talked about by the public, which music the public will be excited about and in this case, arguably, who will be the next celebrity. By putting him on the cover, they did just that. It is however risky to give him a celebrity status considering he will develop a following which will turn out to be counterproductive. This shoul d not be mistaken as an outright rejection for the story, it is important that people also understand the â€Å"other† life of suspects like Tsarnaev. However, this should be done very carefully so it doesn’t seem as though the acts they are suspected of are being glorified. Images, for instance the one used on the cover of Rolling Stone seems glorifying. ... The question that people will probably be asking is how this magazine influences on other would be bombers. The article might actually encourage more of attention desperate individuals to engage in such acts. Al-Qaida, a self-confessed terror group indicated in their twitter handle that they were happy of all the media attention they were receiving due to the west gate attack in Kenya. This means that the terrorists value attention, and they do most of what they do to get attention. Now giving them this attention by reporting the acts of bombing, most people think should be enough. Going ahead and featuring them on a celebrity magazine, on the cover of it, is not the best way to deny them the attention. Tsarnaev is now becoming an iconic figure for his followers. Assuming they were more who engaged in one way or another in the bombing, the featuring of Tsarnaev makes them feel as though they can as well do with the attention. The magazine is turning him into some sort of a hero for h e has done. Celebrities are known to be individuals highlighted by the media mostly because of the interest they arouse among the public. Tsarnaev, should not arouse interest and the media should not attempt to paint him as arousing interest. As human beings we all have an evil part. It is said, that all human beings have a potential of being an angel or a beast, how we turn out all depends on which is natured by the society. For balance and stability, our evil parts should be shunned and our good parts honed. The media has a huge responsibility in shaping these. In the social media, due to the anonymity provided by such platforms, people often praise bad and glorify evil. This could be to get attention or to feel up for social gaps at home or in

Text Set-Literacy Curriculum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Text Set-Literacy Curriculum - Research Paper Example This leaves no room for ambiguity for students at the same time in understanding the subject matter. It is rather suggested that teachers should undertake activities in class where students will have to select short text as per their choice. However, a limitation is there in this regard i.e. teacher’s obligation for reading each and every story that the students pick as a short text. For this, it can be said that short text is much manageable in reading (Fletcher & Portalupi, 2001). It immediately finishes up in one sitting rather than longer novels that are continued for some days. Looking at the real life examples of reading habits of general public, short text such as tweets, how-to articles, cookbooks, announcements, online forums are read more than longer books. Therefore, there is an avid need of making reading interesting for peers that is possible with the help of short text selection (Cohen,

Inventions that change the world Essay Example for Free

Inventions that change the world Essay American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin was particularly interested in electricity and set up a small laboratory in his house to investigate its properties. His interest soon switched from electricity to lightning after he noticed the similarities between the two. One stormy night, he conducted a life-threatening experiment to demonstrate that lightning is the result of an electric build up. He constructed a kite that carried a metal spike and flew it into the thunderstorm. The kite had a key attached near the bottom of the ribbon and Franklin noticed that it sparked as he brought his knuckles close to it. Franklin had shown that lightning was form of electricity and he went on to use this knowledge to design a lightning rod to protect buildings. LINNAEAN TAXONOMY Linnaean taxonomy is a system of classification of living organism that is used throughout biological sciences. The most important feature of Linnaean Taxonomy is a system known as binomial nomenclature. The first name identifies the genus to which the organism belongs; the second name is its unique species. BIMETTALIC STRIP A bimetallic strip is a simple device which converts thermal energy into mechanical motion. It is used as a thermally activated switch or heat indicator and works on the principle of differential expansion of heated dissimilar metals. The bimetallic strip is made up of two different metals which are bonded together to form a straight, flat strip or a concentric coil. When the strip is heated, one of the metals heats up and expands faster than the other, causing the strip to bend. This mechanical deflection  is then harnessed in various ways to switch electrical circuits or move a dial to a give heat value indication. MARINE CHRONOMETER A marine chronometer is a clock that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the 18th century, it was a major technical achievement, as accurate knowledge of the time over a long sea voyage is necessary for navigation, lacking electronic or communications aids. The first true chronometer was the life work of one man, John Harrison, spanning 31 years of persistent experimentation and testing that revolutionized naval (and later aerial) navigation. SPINNING JENNY The increased speed of weaving created a new problem because it now took three spinners to keep up with one weaver. This problem was resolved in 1764, when James Hargreaves invented a new machine that was capable of spinning eight threads of cotton yarn, instead of the spinning wheels one. The new machine was called the spinning jenny. All this time the processes of spinning and weaving were still being carried out at home. This was possible because both the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny were small enough to be used in the cottage. SURVEYOR’S PERAMBULATOR WHEEL The origins of the surveyors wheel are connected to the origins of the odometer. While the latter is derived to measure distances travelled by a vehicle, the former is specialized to measure distances. Much of the material on the earliest stages in the development of the hodometer is adequately covered in odometer. In the 17th century, the surveyors wheel was re-introduced and used to measure distances. A single wheel is attached to a handle and the device can be pushed or pulled along by a person walking. Early devices were made of wood and may have an iron rim to provide strength. The wheels themselves would be made in the same manner as wagon wheels and often by the same makers. The measuring devices would be made by makers of scientific instruments and the device and handles would be attached to the wheel by them. The device to read the distance travelled would be mounted either near the hub of the wheel or at the top of the  handle. STEAM ENGINE WITH SEPARATE CONDENSER A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler. WATER FRAME In 1769, a wig maker and pricier, Richard Arkwright, had observed that, even with these improvements, the hand loom weavers could not keep up with the demand for cloth. He therefore set out to design and produces a much larger spinning machine that would be able to cope with the increased demand. His design became known as the water frame. It was given this name because it needed energy from a watermill to power it. It was therefore too large for cottage work and, consequently, had to be placed in a large building known as a factory. This meant that, for the first time, a family involved in the production of woven cloth were now split up. The women of the family, whom, you will remember, were the traditional spinners, now, had to leave their cottages and work in a large building where the water frames had been installed. Since these factories used water as their power source, they tended to be built in areas where a good supply of fast flowing water was available. These early water powered factories, because they looked like large watermills, became known as mills. They were mainly concentrated in the mountainous areas of Britain where water was plentiful. For the first time men and women were separated in their work. The man stayed at home to produce the weaving and the women left home each day to work in the factory, producing the yarn for their men folk to weave into cloth. VENETIAN BLIND Venetian blind is a type of window covering. There are many different kinds of window blinds which use a variety of control systems. A typical window blind is made up of several long horizontal or vertical slats of various  types of fabric, wood, plastic or metal which are held together by cords that run through the blind slats. Window blinds can be adjusted by rotating them from an open position to a closed position with either a manual or remote control which allows the slats to overlap and block out most of the light. There are also several types of window blinds that use a single piece of material instead of slats. A window blind is also known as a window shade. CATERPILLAR TRACKS Continuous track, also called tank tread or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a continuous band of treads is driven by two or more wheels. This band is typically made of modular steel plates in the case of military vehicles, or rubber reinforced with steel wires in the case of lighter agricultural or construction vehicles. The large surface area of the tracks distributes the weight of the vehicle better than steel or rubber tyres on an equivalent vehicle, enabling a continuous tracked vehicle to traverse soft ground with less likelihood of becoming stuck due to sinking. The prominent treads of the metal plates are both hard-wearing and damage resistant, especially in comparison to rubber tyres. The aggressive treads of the tracks provide good traction in soft surfaces but can damage paved surfaces. Special tracks that incorporate rubber pads can be installed for use on paved surfaces to prevent the damage that can be caused by all-metal tracks. Continuous tracks can be traced back as far as 1770 and today are commonly used on a variety of vehicle including bulldozers, excavators, tanks, and tractors, but can be found on any vehicle used in an application that can benefit from the added traction, low ground pressure and durability inherent in continuous track propulsion systems. SODA WATER Carbonated water (soda water) is water into which carbon dioxide gas under pressure has been dissolved. This process, known as carbonation, is a process that causes the water to become effervescent. For people who enjoy drinking soft drinks, carbonated water can provide a calorie- and sugar-free substitute. The vast majority of carbonated water is sold in ready to drink bottles like mineral water or carbonated beverages such as soft drinks, but it is easy to prepare at home with soda makers. S-TRAP FOR TOILET In plumbing, a trap is a U-, S-, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing fixture. An S-shaped trap is also known as the S-bend invented by Alexander Cummings in 1775 but became known as the U-bend following the introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The new U-bend could not jam, so, unlike the S-bend, it did not need an overflow. The bend is used to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. In refinery applications, it also prevents hydrocarbons and other dangerous gases from escaping outside through drains. The most common of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-trap. It is the addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby creating a P-like shape. It is also referred to as a sink trap because it is installed under most house sinks. Because of its shape, the trap retains a small amount of water after the fixtures use. This water in the trap creates a seal that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes back into the occupied space of the building. Essentially all plumbing fixtures including sinks, bathtubs, and toilets must be equipped with either an internal or external trap. Because it is a localized low-point in the plumbing, sink traps also tend to capture heavy objects (such as jewellery) that are inadvertently dropped into the sink. Traps also tend to collect hair, sand, and other debris and limit the ultimate size of objects that will pass on into the rest of the plumbing, thereby catching over-sized objects. For all of these reasons, most traps can either be disassembled for cleaning or they provide some sort of cleanout feature. SUBMERSIBLE CRAFT Submersible is a small vehicle designed to operate underwater. The term submersible is often used to differentiate from other underwater vehicles known as submarines, in that a submarine is a fully autonomous craft, capable of renewing its own power and breathing air, whereas a submersible is usually supported by a surface vessel, platform, shore team or sometimes a larger submarine. In common usage by the general public, however, the word submarine may be used to describe a craft that is by the technical definition actually a submersible. There are many types of submersibles, including both manned and unmanned craft, otherwise known as remotely operated vehicles or ROVs. Submersibles have many uses worldwide, such as oceanography, underwater archaeology, ocean exploration, adventure, equipment maintenance/recovery or underwater videographer. BORING MACHINE A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a mole, is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (DB) methods in rock and conventional hand mining in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. However, as modern tunnels become longer, the cost of tunnel b oring machines versus drill and blast is actually less—this is because tunnelling with TBMs is much more efficient and results in a shorter project. STEAMBOAT A steamboat is a boat in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels. Steamboats sometimes use the prefix designation SS, S.S. or S/S (for Screw Steamer) or PS (for Paddle Steamer), however these designations are most often used for Steamships. The term steamboat is used to refer to smaller, insular, steam-powered boats working on lakes and rivers, particularly riverboats. As using steam became more reliable, steam power became applied to larger, ocean-going vessels.

About network topology

About network topology Task: 1 Network Topology: Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes. A local area network (LAN) is one example of a network that exhibits both a physical topology and a logical topology. Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to one or more other nodes in the network and the mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in a geometrical shape that determines the physical topology of the network. Types of Network Topology: The arrangement or mapping of the elements of a network gives rise to certain basic topologies which may then be combined to form more complex topologies (hybrid topologies). The most common of these basic types of topologies are: Star Topology. Bus Topology. Ring Topology. Mesh Topology. Star Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology: Advantages: Batter performance. Isolation of devices Benefits from centralization Disadvantages of Star Topology: The high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central switch The performance and scalability of the network depend of the switch. Bus Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus Network: Advantages: Easy to implement and extend Requires less cable length than a star topology Cheaper than other topologies. Disadvantages: Limited cable length and number of stations. If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down. Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run. Ring Topology: Advantages Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the opportunity to transmit Performs better than a star topology under heavy network load Can create much larger network using Token Ring Disadvantages One malfunctioning workstation or bad port in the MAU can create problems for the entire network Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network Network adapter cards and MAUs are much more expensive than Ethernet cards and switches Much slower than an Ethernet network under normal load Mesh Topology: A full mesh topology occurs when every node on the network has a separate wire connecting it to very other node on the network. It provides each device with a point-to- point connection to every other device in the network. A full mesh topology is redundant because if any one node of connection fails, all remaining nodes can continue communicating. Topology Choice: I choice star and mesh topology because these two topologies are best topology from other topology. In here establish a network for a police station, this police station has accident emergency department, maternity department, childrens unite, x-ray department and eye department. At first I choice the star topology but its have some disadvantage the primary disadvantage of a star topology is the high dependence of the system on the functioning of the central switch. While the failure of an individual link only results in the isolation of a single node, the failure of the central switch renders the network inoperable, immediately isolating all departments. The performance and scalability of the network also depend on the capabilities of the switch. Network size is limited by the number of connections that can be made to the switch, and performance for the entire network is capped by its throughput. While in theory traffic between the switch and a node is isolated from other nodes on the network, other nodes may see a performance drop if traffic to another node occupies a significant portion of the central nodes processing capability or throughput. Furthermore, wiring up of the system can be very complex. And it has some Advantages too that are: Better performance: Passing of Data Packet through unnecessary nodes is prevented by this topology. At most 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any communication between any two devices which are part of this topology. This topology induces a huge overhead on the central switch, however if the central switch has adequate capacity, then very high network utilization by one device in the network does not affect the other devices in the network. Benefits from centralization: As the central switch is the bottleneck, increasing capacity of the central switch or adding additional devices to the star, can help scale the network very easily. The central nature also allows the inspection traffic through the network. This can help analyze all the traffic in the network and determine suspicious behavior. For this reason I also choice star topology. It will be main topology and need a topology it will be help for backup. Then choosing mesh topology that is maximum problem free. If star topology will disturb then mesh topology will help this time. Mesh topology cover dramatically more department and reach more users than other topology by relying on sophisticated mesh switching technology to increase range and topology capacity. Plug-and-play Setup and Configuration: Every mesh system works out of the box, without requiring sophisticated site-surveys or command-line setup. Hosted back-end system automatically configures every switch as part of this department topology, and the web-based centralized management shows how everything is working through a simple, intuitive interface that can be used from anywhere in the world. Scale to Thousands of Simultaneous Users: Field-tested by one department to other department, Mesh topology platform provides high quality of service to thousands of simultaneous users without missing a beat. Intelligent traffic queuing and packet prioritization, combined with the ability to add an unlimited number of additional network gateways, means your networks capacity can continue to grow with demand. Interference-aware Mesh Switching: Instead of relying on a single large antenna to cover every user, each radio in a mesh topology cooperates to find the best path to carry a users traffic to the Intranet. As they operate, every network re-evaluates thousands of switching paths every minute, resulting in amazing reliability and network capacity. Mesh intelligent mesh switching means every repeater you add extends the reach of the network and makes the mesh more reliable by adding additional links. Thats why I choice star and mash topology. These two topologies are join work together for police station departments. Each department of this police station is very important. Task: 2 The Internet is an excellent tool for collecting and transmitting data for a police station. It is possible to build a Web site for data entry without much programming experience using commercially available programs. Such a Web site allowed rapid, inexpensive and easy transfer of data between researchers and the coordinating center. It also permitted easy communications between the coordinating center and the investigators. Many technical and practical lessons were learned from this experience so that further systems may be more efficient and reliable. Once data are entered into the web pages and sent to an end-point (e.g., database, spreadsheet, or e-mail) they are checked and validated remotely by the owner of the end-point. Any feedback is sent to the user with time delay because there is no immediate interaction between the database and the user. This is the easiest way to set up a data entry Web site, but it lacks automatic and immediate interactivity. One-way data flow with client-sided validation Validation of the entered data can be performed on the client (browser) side. This is mostly done with JavaScript, a program language developed to run on browsers. The JavaScript code is sent with the HTML code (hypertext markup language, the computer language that defines the way web pages are displayed on a computer) of the web page to the user. It can react to false data entry or missing data with a message box informing the user. The advantage is that basic data check is performed before they are being sent. Yet, client-sided data validation has some major disadvantages (other than the need of programming knowledge). Because the JavaScript code is sent with the HTML code to the browser, the web pages are larger and this may lead to a longer download time, particularly for users with a slow Internet connection. In addition, anyone can see the programming code, a feature not always in the interest of the web site designer. Enterprise Networking Assignment September 2008 International Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies Enterprise Networking  ©NCC Education Ltd 2008 Two-way data flow with server-sided validation After the data are entered and sent to the server they are validated and checked by a program residing on that server. Depending on the validation result, a new web page is generated by the web server and sent to the user with, for example, a request to reenter incorrect data or to confirm that all data have been correctly entered. With this technique, there is no extra load on the web pages and the programming code is not visible to the user. The main disadvantage (other than the need for extensive programming knowledge) is that the data first have to be sent to the server and a response has to be sent back to the user, the so-called client-server-client round trip. This may lead to a higher traffic workload, which can be annoying, especially to the user with a slow Internet connection. Two-way data flow with server and client-sided validation The combination of the server and client-side interaction seems to be the ideal solution from the point of user friendliness. Simple data validation is performed using client-side scripting, and more complex tasks are performed on the server side. Yet its implementation is time consuming and complex. Referring case history, status, diagnosis code, textual request are entered by the general practitioner. So instead of entering the detailed referring data, the administrator can choose the current case from the waiting list. On the other hand the family doctor can access his/her patients care data from the police station information system automatically as the actual police station care had been closed with the final documents. In this way the family doctor can see the treatments result before patient would show up in the doctors office with the paper-formed final report. By merging the final reports data of police station cases into the police station application system these data can be accessed for any future patient-visit. Question: Access issues for patients with disabilities, e.g. blind/partially-sighted. The police station authority creating a password protected web page on the police station website on which all information pertinent would be posted. A hard copy of the posted information would be available for reference at the police station. Discussion included the possibility of automatic notification to patient when information has been posted and the use of laptop computers at police station for each disable patient to access the posted information during the police station. Patients of the police station expressed their support of this proposal and asked that police station staff to establish a web-based system. There are two methods of roaming in a node-to-node configuration: Patchwork roaming and Mobile Mesh roaming. Nodes in a mobile mesh by their very nature roam in and out of coverage and between networks. With Patchwork roaming, wireless connection between clients hardware and mesh network, a wireless data networks, public Wi-Fi hotspots, and enterprise WLANs, are difficult to operate at best. The clients using Ipv4 that do not automatically change the IP address when moving between mesh nodes and wireless nodes. Manual intervention may be required. With Patchwork seamless roaming can be achieve; however, it requires DHCP to set every few seconds. The solution will be wait until Ipv6. Mobile meshes implements self-contained dynamic addressing and rendezvous technologies to simplify address management and enable true nomadic operation without reliance on external clients hardware. Mobile devices can join and leave a mobile mesh and/or connect to public or private fixed infrastructure, all while retaining connectivity to critical services. Wireless Mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network realm. There is two types of mesh topologies: full mesh and partial mesh. Full wireless mesh topology occurs when every node in a realm is connected to every other node in a network. Full mesh is yields the greatest amount of redundancy, so in the event that one of those nodes fails, network traffic can be directed to any of the other nodes. Full wireless mesh is difficult to achieve on a large scale using MeshAP; however, small-scale area like offices or small campus may be ideal. One should note that it is difficult to deploy a full mesh topology. Partial mesh topology yields less redundancy than full mesh topology. With partial mesh, some nodes are organized in a full mesh scheme but others are only connected to one or more nodes in the network realm. Partial mesh topology is commonly found in either small or large networks or fulfilling the last mile connection to a full meshed backbone. There are 4 main types of partial wireless mesh nodes topologies: Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint or Multipoint-to-point, and Multipoint-to-multipoint, Metropolitan Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint networks have long been the standard for fixed wireless deployments and some 802.11 based networks. In testing of mesh networks have proven to be most versatile, overcoming a number of disadvantages in traditional wireless topologies. This section will detail the fundamentals of MeshAP and its inherent advantages. Point-to-Point nodes topology A point-to-point network is the simplest form of wireless network, composed of two radio and two high gain antennas in direct communication with each other. Point to point links are often used to provide high-performance, dedicated connections or high-speed interconnect links. These links are quick to deploy individually, but do not easily scale to create a large network. Client used these nodes in a site-to-site configuration. Point to Multipoint nodes topology A point-to multipoint or a Multipoint to point nodes share link between an uplink node with omni directional antenna and repeater nodes or downlink nodes with high gain directional antennas. This type of network is easier to deploy than Point to point network because adding a new subscriber only requires equipment deployment at the subscriber site, not at the uplink node; however, each remote site must be within range and clear line of sight of the base station. Trees, hills and other line of sight obstruction make point to multipoint nods impractical for residential and home office coverage. A Point to Multipoint network is suited for either backhaul operations or customers that need reliable, high-speed connections, but are not willing to pay for dedicated capacity that may go unused. The nodes performed as a bridge to the uplink network and are generally in wired configuration for the clients. The problem with point to Multipoint node topology is that they are not design to mesh w ith other nodes due to the directional antenna. Multipoint nodes topology Multipoint to multipoint networks creates a routed mesh topology that mirrors the structure of a wired Internet. To build a mesh network, indoor or outdoor Internet access is first established with the deployment of an access switch connected to a wired ISP. Additional access routers are then deployed throughout the coverage area until a maximum density is achieved. Each access router not only provides access for attached users, but also become part of the network infrastructure by routing traffic through the network over multiple hops. This allows any client to join the network at any point of the mesh, even if the clients are not using a node. Client can access the entire mesh wireless or wired making this the best choice to deploy for areas that require larger coverage MeshAP. Metropolitan nodes topology Task 3 A method of half-duplex wireless communication comprising the steps of: transmitting from a base station to a plurality of mobile stations contained within one wireless communication cell that is serviced by the base station a Ready announcement indicating that the base station is ready to receive data on an uplink channel from the mobile stations, setting a random initial backoff time for each mobile station and transmitting from each mobile station a Request to Send announcement to the base station following expiration of the backoff time, transmitting from the base station to the mobile stations a Clear to Send announcement indicating that the first mobile station to have had its Request to Send announcement received in the base station can now transmit data, resubmitting the Request to Send announcements from the other mobile stations after a predetermined backoff time period has expired corresponding to a time period in which the first mobile station can transmit its data to the base station, and prioritizing any messages from the mobile stations by setting a higher probability that the base station will be in a receiving state rather than a transmitting state. The method according to claim 1 including the steps of transmitting Clear to Send announcements from the mobile stations to the base station indicating that mobile stations are clear to receive data from the base station, and transmitting the data from the base station to a respective mobile station based on the first Clear to Send announcement received within the base station. A half-duplex wireless communication system comprising a premises having a base station that services a defined communication cell, wherein the base station transmits and receives Request to Send and Clear to Send announcements to and from mobile stations to indicate that the base station can receive and send data, and a plurality of mobile stations that send and receive data after transmitting and receiving Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements to and from the base station based on the respective time period in which the base station has received the Clear to Send and Request to Send announcements from respective mobile stations, and means for prioritizing any messages from the mobile stations by setting a higher probability that a base station will be in a receiving state rather than a transmitting state. The system according to claim 3 wherein a Request to Send and Clear to Send announcement exchange must occur between the base station and mobile station before any data exchange can occur. The system according to claim 3 wherein the base station and a mobile station send and receive an acknowledgement message signalling the completion of data transfer. The main equipment that would be installed. Requirements Analysis Prior to any decision on strategy, the customers requirements for voice services must be clearly defined. Requirement operators will evaluate the current environment and practices, and then recommend strategic infrastructure decisions aligned with the customers business needs. For an IP Telephony infrastructure, this would include items such as: Call services Phone features Call conferencing services Messaging Toll bypass Directory services. IP Telephony System Installation Sequence: Once the infrastructure is ready to support IP Telephony, the actual deployment begins. The main steps are summarized below: Install IP Telephony Call Manager Publisher server. Configuration of IP Telephony system parameters, calling gateways, dial plan and phone clients. Install IP Telephony Call Manager Subscriber servers as needed. Install IP Telephony Voicemail Solution. Connect the IP Telephony system with minimal access to PSTN and tie line services. The features available with each system. Performance and security of the existing network to ensure that it is capable of supporting an IP Telephony infrastructure, and identify any areas where enhancements are necessary. In order to successfully deploy IP Telephony services, a minimum number of system features must be available in a customers network. For instance: Networks where IP Telephony is to be deployed should be structured on a 3-tier model: Core, Distribution and Access, to ensure an even flow of traffic. A poorly structured design can create unnecessary bottlenecks, impacting performance. User Access nodes must be switch based technology, to provide the bandwidth to the desktop that can best support voice and video. User Access nodes should support multiple virtual LANs (VLANs) within a single switch. This way, voice and data can be configured separately and efficiently, while sharing the same physical infrastructure. The switch must provide 802.1q trucking on user connections, also to allow voice and data traffic to be configured separately. The switch must be able to provide differentiated Quality of Service (QoS) on a user connection. If the switch does not support 802.1q trucking and differentiated QoS on each user connection, the IP Telephony system may still be deployed but a separate connection would be required for the phone and data equipment connections. Task: 4 The cost of equipment and installation. Cost of equipment and installation: The total cost and savings of an IP Telephony infrastructure should be identified and compared to the current costs. Company will examine the infrastructure costs and provide advice on how to invest to maximize the efficiency of the network. Items included in this analysis will include: Hardware Software Network / leased lines Support services. Value recovered from Cisco telephony trade in program ****** The cost of operating the system. Optimized operating cost structure Staff requirement for delivering voice services In-house solution VoIP-X solution Similar savings on server equipment, administration and support staff Estimated Retail Pricing The Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 licensing model consists of a Server operating system license and incremental Client Access Licenses (CALs) and is designed to allow for complete scalability of your cost in relation to your usage. In addition, Microsoft offers several flexible, cost-effective options for licensing. Note that there are a few CAL types available to suit your individual needs. This page provides guidance on the Windows Server 2003 R2 pricing and points you to our various licensing programs so you can find the most cost-effective solution for your organization. Product Offering U.S. Price* Description Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition $999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 5 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Standard Edition $1,199 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 10 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition $3,999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Includes 25 CALs (User or Device, chosen after purchase) Windows Server 2003 R2 Datacenter Edition $2,999 Available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Windows Server 2003 Web Edition, 32-bit version $399 Open NL Web Server product, no CALs required. Windows Server 2003 Web Edition, is not available in all channels. Open NL estimated price is $399. Contact your local System Builder, OEM, or reseller for actual prices or for more information on how to purchase. Task: 5 Benefit: As technical barriers are eliminated and more organizations begin to adopt Internet protocol-based telephony (IPT), companies are finding that here are demonstrable, real-world total costs of ownership (TCO) advantages associated with implementing IPT solutions. Along with delivering the same or better quality and reliability as traditional systems, IPT solutions offer distinct benefits including lower costs, simplified management and greater flexibility to add applications like conferencing, centralized voice mail, and unified messaging, enabling branches to deliver premium service to customers. IPT is able to lower the costs and provide value-added communications applications to employees in branch and retail locations. Supported network topologies: â€Å"Topology† refers to the configuration of the hardware components and how the data is transmitted through that configuration. 802.15.4 and ZigBee support three different network topologies: star, mesh, and cluster tree (also called star-mesh hybrid). The cluster tree topology is less efficient than the other two, and is therefore rarely (if ever) implemented. It is not covered in this whitepaper. Before describing the star and mesh topologies, it helps to first understand the different types of devices these networks can include. LAN guard N.S.S. has the ability to scan your entire network, IP by IP, or to scan just a single machine upon which it is installed. Not only do you get a list of open ports and vulnerable services, but you also get useful information such as the service packs installed on the machine, missing security patches, wireless access points, USB devices, open shares, open ports, services/applications active on the computer, key registry entries, weak passwords, users and groups, and more. In addition, you can easily analyze scan results using filters and reports, enabling you to proactively secure your network — for example, by shutting down unnecessary ports, closing shares, installing service packs. Bibliography: Search Engines Name: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.ads.com ****** Web Address Name: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Phone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_VoIP_software http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiated_services http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENUM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H323 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_services http://www.manufacturers.com.tw/telecom/WirelessSolution.html http://www.redcom.com/products/slice2100.php http://www.redcom.com/products/hdx_apps.php http://meraki.com/oursolution/mesh/ http://www.microsoft.com/technet/network/p2p/p2pintro.mspx EIAAC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager http://www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/03-10-10 ip_enhanced_medical.asp http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/sqg/va/papers/appaper.html http://www.azgita.gov/councils_committees/tegc/submissions/10.pdf http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/100/2/506 ****** Books name: Book Name Writer Name Publication Name Computer Networks(4th edition) Andrew S. Tanenbaum Prantic-Hall India Enterprise Networking NCC Education Limited